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1/35

Advanced Data Visualisation with R

R Graphics using $grid$

Instructor: Emi Tanaka

emi.tanaka@monash.edu

8th Dec 2021 @ Statistical Society of Australia Canberra Branch | Zoom

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Graphics

Murrell (2019) R Graphics. CRC Press.

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R graphics system

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Base graphics

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`ggplot` graphics

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Graphics model in R

There are two main graphics models in R

Base `graphics`

library(graphics)
(typically already loaded)

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Graphics model in R

There are two main graphics models in R

Base `graphics`

library(graphics)
(typically already loaded)

`grid` graphics

library(grid)

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Graphics model in R

There are two main graphics models in R

Base `graphics`

library(graphics)
(typically already loaded)

`grid` graphics

library(grid)

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Graphics model in R

There are two main graphics models in R

Base `graphics`

library(graphics)
(typically already loaded)

`grid` graphics

library(grid)

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grid7/35

grid R-packageThe grid package contains the low-level functions to create, manipulate and 
draw graphical objects (grob).
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`grid` R-package

The grid package contains the low-level functions to create, manipulate and
draw graphical objects (grob).
The grid package is a base package and so is included in standard R installations

packageDescription("grid")

Package: grid
Version: 4.1.2
Priority: base
Title: The Grid Graphics Package
Author: Paul Murrell <paul@stat.auckland.ac.nz>
Maintainer: R Core Team <do-use-Contact-address@r-project.org>
Contact: R-help mailing list <r-help@r-project.org>
Description: A rewrite of the graphics layout capabilities, plus some
        support for interaction.
Imports: grDevices, utils
License: Part of R 4.1.2
NeedsCompilation: yes
Built: R 4.1.2; x86_64-apple-darwin17.0; 2021-11-01 20:58:55 UTC; unix
-- File: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.1/Resources/library/grid/Meta/package.rds

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Graphical objects a.k.a. "Grobs"

The base packages stats, utils, datasets, methods, base, graphics and grDevices are automatically loaded in a standard launch of R.

library(grid)

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Graphical objects a.k.a. "Grobs"

The base packages stats, utils, datasets, methods, base, graphics and grDevices are automatically loaded in a standard launch of R.

library(grid)

grid.circle()

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Graphical objects a.k.a. "Grobs"

The base packages stats, utils, datasets, methods, base, graphics and grDevices are automatically loaded in a standard launch of R.

library(grid)

grid.circle()

circleGrob()

## circle[GRID.circle.94]

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Graphical objects a.k.a. "Grobs"

The base packages stats, utils, datasets, methods, base, graphics and grDevices are automatically loaded in a standard launch of R.

library(grid)

grid.circle()

circleGrob()

## circle[GRID.circle.94]

grid.draw(circleGrob())

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Graphical primitives in `grid`

grid.lines()
linesGrob()

grid.polyline()
polylineGrob()

grid.segments() segmentsGrob()

grid.xspline()
xsplineGrob()

grid.bezier()
bezierGrob()

grid.text()
textGrob()

grid.raster()
rasterGrob()

grid.circle()
circleGrob()

grid.polygon()
polygonGrob()

grid.path()
pathGrob()

grid.curve()
curveGrob()

grid.points() pointsGrob()

grid.rect()
rectGrob()

grid.roundrect()
roundrectGrob()

Convention of function names:

grid.primitive()
primitiveGrob()

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Higher-level functions

Most functions in grid are low-level functions but selected number of higher-level functions exist
The output of these functions combine multiple graphical primitives

pushViewport(plotViewport())
pushViewport(viewport(xscale = c(0, 100)))
grid.xaxis()

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Making your own grobs from graphical primitive

shape <- circleGrob(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, r = 0.5, name = "shape")
eyes <- circleGrob(x = c(0.25, 0.75), y = 0.5, r = 0.05, 
                   gp = gpar(fill = "black"), name = "eyes")
mouth <- circleGrob(x = 0.5, y = 0.2, r = 0.1, name = "mouth")

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Making your own grobs from graphical primitive

shape <- circleGrob(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, r = 0.5, name = "shape")
eyes <- circleGrob(x = c(0.25, 0.75), y = 0.5, r = 0.05, 
                   gp = gpar(fill = "black"), name = "eyes")
mouth <- circleGrob(x = 0.5, y = 0.2, r = 0.1, name = "mouth")

face1 <- gList(shape, eyes, mouth)
face2 <- grobTree(shape, eyes, mouth, name = "face")

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Making your own grobs from graphical primitive

shape <- circleGrob(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, r = 0.5, name = "shape")
eyes <- circleGrob(x = c(0.25, 0.75), y = 0.5, r = 0.05, 
                   gp = gpar(fill = "black"), name = "eyes")
mouth <- circleGrob(x = 0.5, y = 0.2, r = 0.1, name = "mouth")

face1 <- gList(shape, eyes, mouth)
face2 <- grobTree(shape, eyes, mouth, name = "face")

grid.draw(face1)

grid.draw(face2)

grid.ls(face1)

## shape
## eyes
## mouth

grid.ls(face2)

## face
##   shape
##   eyes
##   mouth

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Making your own grobs from graphical primitive

shape <- circleGrob(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, r = 0.5, name = "shape")
eyes <- circleGrob(x = c(0.25, 0.75), y = 0.5, r = 0.05, 
                   gp = gpar(fill = "black"), name = "eyes")
mouth <- circleGrob(x = 0.5, y = 0.2, r = 0.1, name = "mouth")

face1 <- gList(shape, eyes, mouth)
face2 <- grobTree(shape, eyes, mouth, name = "face")

grid.draw(face1)

grid.draw(face2)

grid.ls(face1)

## shape
## eyes
## mouth

grid.ls(face2)

## face
##   shape
##   eyes
##   mouth

class(face1)

## [1] "gList"

class(face2)

## [1] "gTree" "grob"  "gDesc"

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Basic creators of grobs

Drawing details for graphical primitives are written in C

g1 <- grob(x = unit(0.5, "npc"), 
           y = unit(0.5, "npc"), 
           r = unit(0.5, "npc"), 
           cl = "circle")
grid.draw(g1)

You likely won't ever use this approach

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Basic creators of grobs

Drawing details for graphical primitives are written in C

g1 <- grob(x = unit(0.5, "npc"), 
           y = unit(0.5, "npc"), 
           r = unit(0.5, "npc"), 
           cl = "circle")
grid.draw(g1)

You likely won't ever use this approach

Creating a flexible tree structure with grobs

g2 <- gTree(children = gList(shape, 
                             eyes, 
                             mouth))
grid.draw(g2)

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Basic creators of grobs

Drawing details for graphical primitives are written in C

g1 <- grob(x = unit(0.5, "npc"), 
           y = unit(0.5, "npc"), 
           r = unit(0.5, "npc"), 
           cl = "circle")
grid.draw(g1)

You likely won't ever use this approach

Creating a flexible tree structure with grobs

g2 <- gTree(children = gList(shape, 
                             eyes, 
                             mouth))
grid.draw(g2)

Note: grobTree(x) is essentially gTree(children = x)

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Working with graphical outputs

Work with output	Work with grobs	Description
`grid.get()`	`getGrob()`	Return a copy of grobs
`grid.edit()`	`editGrob()`	Modifies grobs
`grid.add()`	`addGrob()`	Add a grob
`grid.remove()`	`removeGrob()`	Remove grobs
`grid.set()`	`setGrob()`	Replace grobs

Along with some other helpful functions like :

grid.newpage() to erase current device or move to a new page
grid.grep() to find all matching grobs

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Working with graphical outputs in action

grid.ls(face2)

## face
##   shape
##   eyes
##   mouth

grid.draw(removeGrob(face2, "mouth"))

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Working with graphical outputs in action

grid.ls(face2)

## face
##   shape
##   eyes
##   mouth

grid.draw(removeGrob(face2, "mouth"))

xaxis <- xaxisGrob()

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Working with graphical outputs in action

grid.ls(face2)

## face
##   shape
##   eyes
##   mouth

grid.draw(removeGrob(face2, "mouth"))

xaxis <- xaxisGrob()

grid.ls(xaxis)

## GRID.xaxis.99

This should include primitives?

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Working with graphical outputs in action

grid.ls(face2)

## face
##   shape
##   eyes
##   mouth

grid.draw(removeGrob(face2, "mouth"))

xaxis <- xaxisGrob()

grid.ls(xaxis)

## GRID.xaxis.99

This should include primitives?

The xaxis contains no children
This is because the tick marks are only drawn when signalled to draw

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Working with graphical outputs in action

grid.ls(face2)

## face
##   shape
##   eyes
##   mouth

grid.draw(removeGrob(face2, "mouth"))

xaxis <- xaxisGrob()

grid.ls(xaxis)

## GRID.xaxis.99

This should include primitives?

The xaxis contains no children
This is because the tick marks are only drawn when signalled to draw

xaxisf <- grid.force(xaxis)
grid.ls(xaxisf)

## GRID.xaxis.99
##   major
##   ticks
##   labels

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Graphical parameters in `grid`

col
color

fill
fill

alpha
opacity

lwd
line width

lex
line width expansion

lty
line type

lineend
line end style

linejoin
line join style

linemitre
line mitre limit

All graphical primitives have a gp argument to parse with grid::gpar()

cex
character expansion

fontsize
font size

fontface
font face

fontfamily
font family

lineheight
line height

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Coodinate systems17/35

The canvas

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Coordinate systems
 
    Coordinate system 
    Description 
  
    "native" 
    Relative to the scales of the current viewport 
  
    "npc" 
    Normalised parent coordinates 
  
    "snpc" 
    Square normalised parent coordinates 
  
    "in", "cm", "mm" 
    Physical inches, centimeters, millimeters 
  
    "pt", "bigpts", "picas",
 "dida", "cicero", "scaledpts" 
    72.27 points = 1 inch, 72 big points = 1 inch, 12 points = 1 pica,
 1157 dida = 1248 points, 1 cicero = 12 dida, 65536 scaled points = 1 point 
  
    "char" 
    Multiples of the current font size (fontsize and cex) 
  
    "line" 
    Multiples of the height of a text line (fontsize, cex and lineheight) 
  
    "strwidth", "strheight" 
    Multiples of the width/height of a given string (fontsize, cex, fontfamily, and fontface) 
  
    "grobx", "groby" 
    Multiples of the x- and y-location on the boundary of a given grob 
  
    "grobwidth", "grobheight" 
    Multiples of the width/height of a given grob 
  
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Coordinate system	Description
`"native"`	Relative to the scales of the current viewport
`"npc"`	Normalised parent coordinates
`"snpc"`	Square normalised parent coordinates
`"in"`, `"cm"`, `"mm"`	Physical inches, centimeters, millimeters
`"pt"`, `"bigpts"`, `"picas"`, `"dida"`, `"cicero"`, `"scaledpts"`	72.27 points = 1 inch, 72 big points = 1 inch, 12 points = 1 pica, 1157 dida = 1248 points, 1 cicero = 12 dida, 65536 scaled points = 1 point
`"char"`	Multiples of the current font size (`fontsize` and `cex`)
`"line"`	Multiples of the height of a text line (`fontsize`, `cex` and `lineheight`)
`"strwidth"`, `"strheight"`	Multiples of the width/height of a given string (`fontsize`, `cex`, `fontfamily`, and `fontface`)
`"grobx"`, `"groby"`	Multiples of the x- and y-location on the boundary of a given grob
`"grobwidth"`, `"grobheight"`	Multiples of the width/height of a given grob

Drawing with `grid` 1

grid.rect(x = 0, 
          y = 0, 
          width = 0.25, 
          height = 0.25, 
          default.units = "npc",
          just = c("left", "bottom"), 
          gp = gpar(fill = "pink"),
          vp = NULL)

The grid lines are drawn for your convenience

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Drawing with `grid` 2

grid.rect(x = 0.5,
          y = 0.5,
          width = 0.25, 
          height = 0.25, 
          default.units = "npc",
          just = c("left", "bottom"), 
          gp = gpar(fill = "pink"),
          vp = NULL)

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Drawing with `grid` 3

grid.rect(x = 0.5, 
          y = 0.5, 
          width = 0.25, 
          height = 0.25, 
          default.units = "npc",
          just = c("center", "center"),
          gp = gpar(fill = "pink"),
          vp = NULL)

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Drawing with `grid` 4

grid.rect(x = 0.5, 
          y = 0.5, 
          width = 0.5,
          height = 0.5,
          default.units = "npc",
          just = c("center", "center"), 
          gp = gpar(fill = "pink"),
          vp = NULL)

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Drawing with `grid` 5

grid.rect(x = 0.5, 
          y = 0.5, 
          width = 0.5, 
          height = 0.5, 
          default.units = "in",
          just = c("left", "bottom"), 
          gp = gpar(fill = "pink"),
          vp = NULL)

This canvas is 5 inches high and 7 inches wide

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Drawing with `grid` 6

grid.rect(x = unit(0.5, "npc"),
          y = unit(0.5, "npc"),
          width = 0.5, 
          height = 0.5, 
          default.units = "in", 
          just = c("left", "bottom"), 
          gp = gpar(fill = "pink"),
          vp = NULL)

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Drawing with `grid` 7

grid.circle(
  x = 1:6,
  y = 3,
  r = 1:6/6,
  default.units = "in", 
  gp = gpar(fill = sample(colors(), 6)),
  vp = NULL)

Arguments can be vectorised
The Z-order is determined by the order of the input

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Viewport27/35

The root viewport

A viewport is a polygon (often rectangular) viewing region in computer graphics.
When vp = NULL, this refers to the root viewport, i.e. the canvas

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Viewport in `grid` 1

grid.circle(x = c(0.1, 0.9),
            y = c(0.1, 0.9),
            r = 0.2,
            default.units = "npc", 
            gp = gpar(fill = "pink"),
            vp = NULL)

Graphical output outside of the root Viewport are not visible.

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Viewport in `grid` 2

vp1 <- viewport(x = 0.1, y = 0.1,
        width = 0.5,
        height = 0.5,
        just = c("left", "bottom"))
grid.circle(x = c(0.1, 0.9),
            y = c(0.1, 0.9),
            r = 0.2,
            default.units = "npc", 
            gp = gpar(fill = "pink"),
            vp = vp1)

Graphical object is drawn relative to Viewport vp1.

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Viewport in `grid` 2

vp1 <- viewport(x = 0.1, y = 0.1,
        width = 0.5,
        height = 0.5,
        just = c("left", "bottom"))
grid.circle(x = c(0.1, 0.9),
            y = c(0.1, 0.9),
            r = 0.2,
            default.units = "npc", 
            gp = gpar(fill = "pink"),
            vp = vp1)

Graphical object is drawn relative to Viewport vp1.

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Viewport in `grid` 3

vp2 <- viewport(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, 
        width = 0.5, 
        height = 0.5,  
        just = "center", 
        angle = 30) 
grid.rect(vp = vp2)

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Viewport in `grid` 3

vp2 <- viewport(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, 
        width = 0.5, 
        height = 0.5,  
        just = "center", 
        angle = 30) 
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp2)

pushViewport(vp) changes all subsequent drawing context to the viewport object vp

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Viewport in `grid` 3

vp2 <- viewport(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, 
        width = 0.5, 
        height = 0.5,  
        just = "center", 
        angle = 30) 
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp2)
grid.rect(vp = vp2)

pushViewport(vp) changes all subsequent drawing context to the viewport object vp

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Viewport in `grid` 3

vp2 <- viewport(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, 
        width = 0.5, 
        height = 0.5,  
        just = "center", 
        angle = 30) 
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp2)
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp2)

pushViewport(vp) changes all subsequent drawing context to the viewport object vp

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Viewport in `grid` 3

vp2 <- viewport(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, 
        width = 0.5, 
        height = 0.5,  
        just = "center", 
        angle = 30) 
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp2)
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp2)
grid.rect(vp = vp2)

pushViewport(vp) changes all subsequent drawing context to the viewport object vp

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Viewport in `grid` 3

vp2 <- viewport(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, 
        width = 0.5, 
        height = 0.5,  
        just = "center", 
        angle = 30) 
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp2)
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp2)
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
popViewport()

pushViewport(vp) changes all subsequent drawing context to the viewport object vp
popViewport() removes current viewport and reverts to the previous drawing context

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Viewport in `grid` 3

vp2 <- viewport(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, 
        width = 0.5, 
        height = 0.5,  
        just = "center", 
        angle = 30, name = "vp-2") 
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp2)
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp2)
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
popViewport()
grid.text("Bottom-left corner", 
          x = 0.025, y = 0.025, 
          just = c("left", "bottom"))

pushViewport(vp) changes all subsequent drawing context to the viewport object vp
popViewport() removes current viewport and reverts to the previous drawing context

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Viewport in `grid` 4

vp3 <- viewport(x = 0.5, y = 0.5, 
        width = 0.5, 
        height = 0.5,  
        just = "center", 
        angle = 30, name = "vp-3") 
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp2) 
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
pushViewport(vp3)
grid.rect(vp = vp2)
upViewport(n = 2)
grid.text("Bottom-left corner", 
          x = 0.025, y = 0.025, 
          just = c("left", "bottom"))
downViewport("vp-3")
grid.text("Bottom-left corner", 
          x = 0.025, y = 0.025, 
          just = c("left", "bottom"))

upViewport()
downViewport()

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Resources

See Murrell (2019) "R Graphics" book for more about grid

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Open `day1-exercise-01.Rmd`

15:00

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Session Information

devtools::session_info()

## ─ Session info  🤗  💤  🇲🇩   ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  hash: smiling face with open hands, zzz, flag: Moldova
## 
##  setting  value
##  version  R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01)
##  os       macOS Catalina 10.15.7
##  system   x86_64, darwin17.0
##  ui       X11
##  language (EN)
##  collate  en_AU.UTF-8
##  ctype    en_AU.UTF-8
##  tz       Australia/Melbourne
##  date     2021-12-07
##  pandoc   2.14.0.3 @ /Applications/RStudio.app/Contents/MacOS/pandoc/ (via rmarkdown)
## 
## ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  package     * version date (UTC) lib source
##  bslib         0.3.1   2021-10-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  cachem        1.0.6   2021-08-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  callr         3.7.0   2021-04-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  cli           3.1.0   2021-10-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  colorspace    2.0-2   2021-06-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  countdown     0.3.5   2021-12-07 [1] Github (gadenbuie/countdown@a544fa4)
##  crayon        1.4.2   2021-10-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  desc          1.4.0   2021-09-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  devtools      2.4.2   2021-06-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  digest        0.6.29  2021-12-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  ellipsis      0.3.2   2021-04-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  evaluate      0.14    2019-05-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  fastmap       1.1.0   2021-01-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  fs            1.5.0   2020-07-31 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  glue          1.5.0   2021-11-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  highr         0.9     2021-04-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
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##  httr          1.4.2   2020-07-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  jquerylib     0.1.4   2021-04-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  jsonlite      1.7.2   2020-12-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  kableExtra    1.3.4   2021-02-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  knitr         1.36    2021-09-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  lifecycle     1.0.1   2021-09-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  magrittr    * 2.0.1   2020-11-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  memoise       2.0.0   2021-01-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  munsell       0.5.0   2018-06-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
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##  pkgload       1.2.3   2021-10-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  prettyunits   1.1.1   2020-01-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  processx      3.5.2   2021-04-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  ps            1.6.0   2021-02-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  purrr         0.3.4   2020-04-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  R6            2.5.1   2021-08-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
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##  stringi       1.7.5   2021-10-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
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##  usethis       2.1.3   2021-10-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  viridisLite   0.4.0   2021-04-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  webshot       0.5.2   2019-11-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  whisker       0.4     2019-08-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  withr         2.4.2   2021-04-18 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  xaringan      0.22    2021-06-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  xfun          0.28    2021-11-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  xml2          1.3.2   2020-04-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
##  yaml          2.2.1   2020-02-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.1.0)
## 
##  [1] /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.1/Resources/library
## 
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

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Advanced Data Visualisation with R

R Graphics using grgrid

Graphics

R graphics system

Base graphics

ggplot graphics

Graphics model in R

Base graphics

Graphics model in R

Base graphics

grid graphics

Graphics model in R

Base graphics

grid graphics

Graphics model in R

Base graphics

grid graphics

grid

grid R-package

grid R-package

Graphical objects a.k.a. "Grobs"

Graphical objects a.k.a. "Grobs"

Graphical objects a.k.a. "Grobs"

Graphical objects a.k.a. "Grobs"

Graphical primitives in grid

Higher-level functions

Making your own grobs from graphical primitive

Making your own grobs from graphical primitive

Making your own grobs from graphical primitive

Making your own grobs from graphical primitive

Basic creators of grobs

Basic creators of grobs

Basic creators of grobs

Working with graphical outputs

Working with graphical outputs in action

Working with graphical outputs in action

Working with graphical outputs in action

Working with graphical outputs in action

Working with graphical outputs in action

Graphical parameters in grid

Coodinate systems

The canvas

Coordinate systems

Drawing with grid 1

Drawing with grid 2

Drawing with grid 3

Drawing with grid 4

Drawing with grid 5

Drawing with grid 6

Drawing with grid 7

Viewport

The root viewport

Viewport in grid 1

Viewport in grid 2

Viewport in grid 2

Viewport in grid 3

Viewport in grid 3

Viewport in grid 3

Viewport in grid 3

Viewport in grid 3

Viewport in grid 3

Viewport in grid 3

Viewport in grid 4

Resources

Open day1-exercise-01.Rmd

Session Information

Advanced Data Visualisation with R

R Graphics using grgrid

Help

R Graphics using $grid$

`ggplot` graphics

Base `graphics`

Base `graphics`

`grid` graphics

Base `graphics`

`grid` graphics

Base `graphics`

`grid` graphics

`grid`

`grid` R-package

`grid` R-package

Graphical primitives in `grid`

Graphical parameters in `grid`

Drawing with `grid` 1

Drawing with `grid` 2

Drawing with `grid` 3

Drawing with `grid` 4

Drawing with `grid` 5

Drawing with `grid` 6

Drawing with `grid` 7

Viewport in `grid` 1

Viewport in `grid` 2

Viewport in `grid` 2

Viewport in `grid` 3

Viewport in `grid` 3

Viewport in `grid` 3

Viewport in `grid` 3

Viewport in `grid` 3

Viewport in `grid` 3

Viewport in `grid` 3

Viewport in `grid` 4

Open `day1-exercise-01.Rmd`

R Graphics using $grid$